After The Holidays And Winter Break, Most College Students

After the holidays and winter break, most college students are getting ready to head back to campus for our next semester. And most of us spent a lot of money on break, so we are looking for ways to save some cash. Here are some helpful tips! -Don t buy your books on campus Many places have them for cheaper, and used, online. Abe Books has a great selection of textbooks for 50-75% cheaper than your local campus bookstore. Half.com is also another good option. Plus, when you shop of Half.com you can see seller s ratings, since it is a sister company of Ebay. That way you know you are getting a good deal from a reliable seller. Also try Amazon. The key to getting the right book online is checking with used sellers to make sure they have†¦show more content†¦Apple TV: There is no limit on the quantity of Apple TV purchases per academic year 7. iPod: There is no limit on the quantity of iPod purchases per academic year -Save on software and hardware for your computer There are several sites online that let you get software for cheaper. Try Student Discounts or Gradware. Campus Tech offers both hardware and software. You can get anything from flash drives to Photoshop there. -Check around your campus Most campuses have their own student discount cards to save money in the bookstore, cafeteria, and at local businesses like salons. Also, check the bulletin boards on campus for savings on books and other used items. You d be surprised what other people are selling on the boards for great prices! Sheena Pegarido, a 21-year-old communications major, spends her days in class at the University of North Florida, in Jacksonville, Fla. Between school, her part-time job and her extracurricular activities she says she doesn t even have time to even think about dating. It s hard because relationships require a lot of time and attention, Sheena said. But I heard the best place to meet someone is in the campus library. She is not the only student who feels this way about dating. Many college students find it hard to juggle their social life with school and work. Being in school makes their time short and money tight. Not only is it hard to find the time to date while in college, but it s aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Sea Of Lavender 1506 Words   |  7 Pagesblundering to have a moment to enjoy themselves, of course, I’m included. Life is of gaiety and splendor, we shouldn’t just fix our attention to these material things, we also need to have a break for e nriching our spirits, and then we need a tour. Warm-up #2 (Is there too much pressure on students these days because of exams?) Yes, I agree with it. 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The Aeneid By Virgil Between 29 And 19 Bc - 1434 Words

The Aeneid is an epic poem written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. This works tells of the Trojan hero Aeneas and his journey from Troy to Italy to settle a new city for his people. The first half of the book entails Aeneas making his way to Italy while the second half describes the battle between the Latins and the Trojans. Both of these endeavors require the hero of the story to have a motivated disposition. These motivations come in the form of depictions of Roman history. The two significant depictions are told to Aeneas from his father, Anchises, who has gained the gift of visions that tells about the future of Rome and the shield that Aeneas’s mother gives him along with other battle gear for the upcoming battles. The shield and Anchises’s visons are pivotal and irreplaceable parts of Virgil’s epic; they both function for the plot’s sake as well as for use as an immortalization of Roman folklore. The first telling of Roman legendary history/future ha ppens in the Underworld with Aeneas’s father, Anchises. Anchises is gifted the ability to see visions of Rome’s future in the afterlife. His visions detail the relationship of Aeneas to successful founders and leaders of Rome. The most important of these relationships are Augustus Caesar who will be a part of Ascanius’s line, the two people named Menelaus, and Romulus. Ascanius â€Å"led his son / Through every detail and enflamed his soul / With longing for the glory that was to come, / He told him of the wars he next mustShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid A Kind Of Propaganda, Cicero s Second Philippic1351 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss Virgil’s Latin epic ‘The Aeneid’, a kind of propaganda, Cicero’s ‘Second Philippic’ a piece written with personal and political intentions in mind, and Plutarch’s Rome in Crisis regarding Antony. One must treat these sources with caution, not least because of the inherent bias present in their writing. It is necessary to take into account the context, type of source and how the author has shaped material for their own personal or political gain. Limitations. Virgil shapes material for his ownRead MoreEssay on Fate of the Passionate in Virgils Aeneid1176 Words   |  5 Pages Virgil’s The Aeneid, to this day, remains one of the most influential epics to ever grace the merciless limitations of manuscript, inspiring, in pop culture as well as literature, an onslaught of themes, mythology, values, and the general sense of what a hero must be-or do- in order to overcome the obstacles of the gods and man. Written somewhere between 29 and 19 BC, consisting of twelve books (although never completely finished), The Aeneid takes us through the turbulent journeys

Computers and Biology Essay Example For Students

Computers and Biology Essay Computers have enhance the study of Biology tremendously, as welldiscoveries have enhance the progression of computers. Withoutcomputers, Biology would be no where. We would not have the hightech microscopes. We would not be able to process information atlighting speeds. Finally, we would have no place to store all theinformation that we gathered. Can you imagine all the paper we woulduse to record all the information that we gather? Computers have not only helped us with experimenting; they havehelped us to educate students. There has been tons of softwaredeveloped to educate students about science and in particular Biology. They have allowed students to create experimental 3D models, collectresearch and now students can even use computers to dissect VirtualCreatures Aimed at middle school and high school students, Virtual Creatures is thecreation of a group called SUMMIT (Stanford University Medical Mediaand Information Technologies Group). SUMMIT was founded eightyears ago to crea te computer-based teaching tools for the StanfordUniversity School of Medicine and has expanded to provide educationalmultimedia for medical students and doctors. This program will allow students to dissect frogs without the scalpels,probes or formaldehyde. Without touching the frog, you can rotate it toview it from any angle and study its external anatomy. On command, theskin turns transparent. You can even zoom through it to view the muscles,or peel the muscles back to expose the internal organs and skeleton. The Virtual Creatures team used virtual reality technology to create a richenvironment called Frog Island with many opportunities forinteractive learning. After being greeted by a ranger who explains how toget around the island, students can visit, in any order, a series of huts,each focusing on a different aspect of frog biology: muscles, organsystems, bones, nerves, habitat and so on. With this virtual reality modelstudents dont have to worry about real-life constraints. For instance,you can take a frog apart in any sequence. You could start with thedigestive system and then put it back together. This as you would expect does require a lot of processing power andhigh-end graphics. But the speed of innovation in the computer industryshould soon make the necessary technology affordable for many schools. The SUMMIT team is also looking at ways to transfer most of theprocessing work to a central computer, which students and teacherscould access by logging on from a cheaper computer. This is where biology has actually helped computers develop. Biologyand the study of proteins and molecular biology have helped scientistsdevelop new ways of building computers. They have helped reduce thesize and cost of creating components for a computer system. Imagine if we could create a storage medium the size of a sugar cube thatstores a terabyte of information. Imagine if I said that it would not bebased on silicon transistors, but would be based on protein molecules thatchange their shape when exposed to light. This enables them to store andtransfer massive amounts of data. This technology is called Nanotechnology. It is leading to thedevelopment of electronic components at the molecular and atomiclevels. Single bits are going to be represented by single atoms. Chipsizes have been shrinking at an incredible rate. If they continue at thecurrent pace now, it will so be more expensive to shrink then its worth. This new technology may provide the answer in protein-based computing. Researchers are currently studying several molecules to find a possiblebiology standard for designing computers. The most popular moleculeis a protein called bacteriorhodopsin. Although we are just hearing aboutit now, Soviet scientists have been interested in this protein since the early70s. They recognized the potential of the molecule to act as a switch withon and off positions. This is basically how the silicon transistors worktoday. While silicon transistors alter its state when a current of electricityexcites the electrons in it, a protein changes its shape when it absorbslight. A laser beam is used to control the switching in a matrix of memorycells. Bacteriorhodopsin is a complex protein found in most salt-marshenvironments. It contains a light-absorbing component called achromophore. When this chromosphore is exposed to light, such as alaser beam, it absorbs the rays and causes a series of internal processesto occur with in the bacteriorhodopsin. This changes the electricalc haracter. Scientists can then translate these resulting electrical changesinto the binary language. This is the language that the computer willunderstand. This experiment has better results when scientists add a second laser. This creates something called a sequential one-photon architecture. Forlong-term memory applications many bacteriorhodopsin devices tend tocreate one stable element aside from the natural state, thereby giving youthe requisite 0 and 1. Adding another laser beam also enables engineersto create a special intermediate state that can branch into two other stablestates. This is especially useful for an application becoming popular notonly in biological circles, but in the holographic community as well; 3Dstorage. The whole goal here is to create a tiny cube that can store vast amountsof storage. Holographers have another method to reach this goal. Theyarrange two sets of laser beams at 90-degree angles. They all face abacteriorhodopsin cube. After the first set is f ired, a special intermediatestate, which well call A, is created. When the number of A elementsreaches a near-maximum level, scientists then fire the second set oflasers. This causes the A state to switch to a different short-livedstructure, which well call B. Soon after, structure B changes into a highlystable format, which well call C. Scientists are really excited about thisformat because it can remain stable for years. When they assign the base state to 0 and the B and C to 1, engineershave re-created the binary switching technology. The lasers have theability to read and write to multiple locations within the bacteriorhodopsinsimultaneously; thus this creates faster parallel operations that can beimplemented. The engineers have estimated that they can performoperations at a rate of 10MB per second. There are however some problems with this new technology. Writing isnot a big problem, but reading is. Errors can occur because of noise fromthe laser interfering with the read signa l. Another problem is themolecular structure. In order for this to work as high-speed memorythese bacterorhodopsin cubes must be uniformly the same.Anyvariation in the structure could change or distort the data. Theseproblems are being worked and develop by a man named Dr. RobertBirage of Syracuse University. Biology and computers have always been intertwined with each other. Computers are helping teachers teach the subject, and they are helpingresearchers to research and make more discoveries at lighting speeds. Biology is also advancing computer technology. We can see this with thenew nanotechnology. This kind advancement is not going to slow downanytime soon. Researchers will continue to discover new things inBiology, and will continue to invent faster ways to push the computersystems they use. Computers and Biology Biology 101 10 wk session References: 1. Aubrey, David. Progressive proteins. Computer Shopper, April 1996. .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .postImageUrl , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:hover , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:visited , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:active { border:0!important; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:active , .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45 .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73d17037910be4c436d7d1a718d8ef45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cause And Effect Of Human Error In Air Safety EssayVol 16n4. P563. Online: SearchBank. 2. Levin, Carol. High Protein Computers. PC Magazine. May 30, 1995. Vol 14 n10. P29. Online: SearchBank. 3. Virtual Creatures Teach Biology Without Dissection,http://www.infoseek.com/Content?arn=BW0236- 19980709qt=biologylk=noframescol=NXkt=Aak=news1486.

The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay Example

The Four Marks Of The Church Essay Essay One. Holy. Catholic. Apostolic. these four words are the foundation of the Catholic Church. They are what the Church calls the â€Å"Four Marks. † The First Council of Constantinople established them in 381. These words were fist used in the Nicene Creed. and are still used to this twenty-four hours when we say â€Å"I believe in one sanctum. Catholic. apostolic Church. † With the Holy Spirit assisting to steer the Church it can transport out these four Markss. The fist grade of the Church is One describes. and it describes integrity. The Church tells us it is one because of three things. The grounds are that it is a beginning to the Trinity. besides because Jesus is the laminitis of the church. and the last is because the Holy Spirit is its psyche. It chiefly tells us about the integrity of the Body of Christ. This means that our Church is together as one. and non many divided communities. The 2nd grade is Holy. This describes to us that since God created the Church it is genuinely holy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Marks Of The Church Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Marks Of The Church Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Marks Of The Church Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term means cosmopolitan. and this shows that the Church does non hold to be in a specific topographic point. or except a race or civilization. Jesus is the beginning to holiness. The 3rd grade is Catholic. It is Catholic because Jesus is ever present in the church. The last grade of the church is apostolic. Jesus is the soul laminitis of the church. and he gave all of the power in the church to his apostles to be bishops. and he had Peter be the leader called the Pope when he left. Besides the church has Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture. ( 1 ) One. is a grade of the church that can hold a connexion to many events. An event that relates to this grade of is Pentecost. It relates to this grade for assorted grounds. One ground is that since through this grade it says we are all united. and Pentecost shows how the Holy Spirit helped to unite people. Pentecost is like this. because when the Apostles were in the room. they were filled with the Holy Spirit. This allowed them to be able to prophesy in different linguistic communications. They could unify everyone because they can now talk all linguistic communications. and everyone could now hear about the narratives of Jesus. Another ground is that this grade tells us that the Holy Spirit guides us to carry through this grade. merely like at Pentecost where the Holy Spirit guided the Apostles to hold the bravery to travel out and baptise. ( 2 ) The 2nd grade of the Church is holy. and I feel that it has a strong connexion to Peter. I feel this manner. because Peter is the 1 of the holiest work forces to of all time populate. Jesus gave him the key to heaven. and personally appointed him to function as the Catholic Pope. Peter was besides was the lone Apostle who walked on H2O. because he believed in Jesus. but when he stopped he started to drop. This shows that he was one of the holiest work forces because no other adult male has walked on H2O. In my sentiment Peter is the perfect illustration of sanctum. because he is the foundation of our church. and our Church would non be where it is today. if it wasn’t for Peter. ( 3 ) The 3rd grade of the Church is Catholic. I feel that Mary is a good illustration of this grade. Mary is a good illustration because she is the female parent of God and a major image in our Catholic Church today. This grade connects to Mary. because she knew that Jesus was the boy of God. and she would make what of all time God asked of her. She neer sinned and was taken organic structure and psyche into Eden. This shows that she is the function theoretical account of all Catholics. and we need to seek to populate a life like hers. We ever need to retrieve that Jesus is ever with us. and we need to move every bit closely as we can to him. like Mary did. ( 3 ) The 4th and concluding grade of the church is Apostolic. I think that Paul is a good illustration of this. He was a one time a evildoer. because he persecuted Jews. so one twenty-four hours he had a major transition. He went blind. and his sight was subsequently returned. but right after that he began to prophesy the word of God. He is a good illustration of Apostolic. because he had a transition and subsequently became an Apostle. and he besides took missional journeys to prophesy about Jesus. and dispersed Catholicism. Paul besides wrote seven epistles that are in the New Testament. Paul was a great Apostle. and Scripture author. which is why I feel he connects with the Apostolic Mark. ( 3 ) At Providence the grade that I feel largely mundane is one. I feel this because I think that at Providence we are neer separated. there is ever a household atmosphere about the topographic point. Whenever we have all school multitudes. I feel that is when we genuinely have integrity among us. We all do non cognize each other. but it merely feels like were at place. All the people at Providence are so welcoming to one another. There is a particular bond between everyone here that makes you experience as one. like we are all incorporate. Integrity is all around Providence ; it happens mundane. because there is ever person at that place to pick you up no affair what. It is genuinely a 2nd household. because we are all united. The four Markss of the Church are the foundation of our church. We need to seek to populate them out so we can go better people. Many other faiths say these Markss in the Creed. but merely the Catholic Church reflect on what they really mean. The Church is one and all the people in it map as a whole. These four Markss have been passed down since Jesus’ clip and go on to this twenty-four hours.

Merck case report Essay Example

Merck case report Essay Example Merck case report Essay Merck case report Essay Disregarding Mr.. Mercers philosophy, the program suggests to not Invest In drug rights due to an overall loss of $260,000. Phase One: The KILL-798 product has been under testing phases for six months. Based on Kappa Labs project team research there Is a 60% chance of Phase One successful completion. If Merck were to buy the product rights, the cost Incurred to complete this would be $5 million. The software states there Is a chance of Phase One failing resulting in a loss of $35 million. If the first round proves successful then Merck faces the decision of progressing to Phase Two. Phase Two: If Merck decides to advance into Phase Two there presents a multitude of opportunities. The first decision involves treating just obesity at 10% likelihood. A 10% chance also exists of the drug treating only high cholesterol. There also is a possibility of the drug effectively addressing both conditions at 30%. The chance of the drug not treating any of the maladies is 50%. The cost of completing Phase Two is $40 million. For each condition that is addressed, the decision remains whether to seek out FDA approval. The program suggests if Phase Two is successful, the many has two feasible options, to produce a drug for Just obesity or attain a drug that combats both obesity and cholesterol. The more practical decision for the company is to produce a drug that addresses only obesity since there is a higher overall profit as compared to producing a drug that targets both maladies. The drug that targets only obesity has an overall benefit of $197. Million, whereas the drug that targets both has an overall benefit of $160. 5 million. FDA Approval: The decision tree advises Merck to seek out FDA consent. For the product that treats only obesity, there is a 75% chance of receiving FDA acceptance. This would cost Merck $50 million to go through with this process. After seeking approval, the company Is faced with the decision whether or not to market the drug. If the drug Is approved and marketed, a gain of $43 0 million will be attained. The next option Is to decide If we should continue on to FDA approval for the drug that treats only cholesterol. Decision Tree Analysis advises Merck to not continue with this process even though a 75% chance exists of attaining approval. The cost of seeking acceptance Is $50 million. The third option Is to decide on seeking FDA acceptance for a drug that treats tooth maladies. According too detailed analysis, producing this drug Is also a viable option, although the benefit would be less than producing for only obesity. Sensitivity Analysis: The first analysis conducted was on attaining success in Phase I Nils apneas Is extremely sensitive up until purportedly up until tens percentage, the expected value is negative. Any probability greater than 60% results in a positive expected value. If the probability increases by 1%, the program decision will change to suggest the company to move forward (please refer to Decision Tree 2). For the second sensitivity analysis, we set the option with the highest possibility as the constant, which is the decision to produce neither drug. This option also proves to be very sensitive at the 50% probability mark. If the percentage were to be greater than 50%, then it would not be optimal to move forward. The last analysis involved the probability of both drugs receiving FDA approval. Like the previous two analysis, a value higher than 60% will result in an expected value that is positive. This results in the drugs receiving acceptance. Consensus: According to Decision Tree footwear, the optimal recommendation is to not purchase drug rights. This results in neither profits or losses, and the optimal situation for the Merck organization. If the firm were to first hire a consulting firm to research the probability of success in phase one and the consultants prove that success is viable, the value of providing this information results in an overall benefit of $57. 9 million. This provides a $55. 3 million difference from not hiring a consultant of $2. 635. Therefore, Merck could acquire a consultant up until the cost of this difference (please refer to Decision Tree 3).

Filling Vacancies in the US Senate

Filling Vacancies in the US Senate Senate seats become vacant for a variety of reasons the Senator dies in office, resigns in disgrace or resigns to assume another position, usually an elected or appointed government position.What happens when a Senator dies in office or resigns? How is the replacement handled?Procedures for electing Senators are outlined in Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, as later amended by paragraph 2 of the Seventeenth (17th) Amendment. Ratified in 1913, the 17th Amendment not only changed how Senators are to be elected (direct election by popular vote) but it also outlined how Senate vacancies are to be filled: When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. What Does This Mean in Practice? The U.S. Constitution grants the state legislatures the power to determine how U.S. Senators are to be replaced, including empowering the chief executive (the governor) to make these appointments.Some states require a special election to fill a vacancy. A few states require the governor to appoint a replacement of the same political party as the previous incumbent. Typically, a replacement holds office until the next scheduled statewide election.From the Congressional Research Service: Prevailing practice is for state governors to fill Senate vacancies by appointment, with the appointee serving until a special election has been held, at which time the appointment expires immediately. In the event a seat becomes vacant between the time of a general election and the expiration of the term, however, the appointee usually serves the balance of the term, until the next regularly scheduled general election. This practice originated with the constitutional provision that applied prior to the popular election of senators, under which governors were directed to make temporary appointments when state legislatures were in recess. It was intended to ensure continuity in a state’s Senate representation during the lengthy intervals between state legislative sessions. Exceptions or Where Governors Do Not Have Unlimited Powers: Alaska, Oregon, and Wisconsin do not allow the governor to make interim appointments; state laws require a special election to fill any Senate vacancy. Oklahoma also requires that Senate vacancies be filled by special elections, with an exception. If the vacancy occurs after March 1 of any even-numbered year and the term expires the following year, no special election is held; rather, the governor is required to appoint the candidate elected in the regular general election to fill the unexpired term. Arizona and Hawaii require the governor to fill Senate vacancies with a person affiliated with the same political party as the previous incumbent. Utah and Wyoming require the governor to select an interim senator from a list of three candidates proposed by the state central committee of the political party with which the previous incumbent was affiliated. In the event of a Senator’s death, his or her staff continue to be compensated for a period not exceeding 60 days (unless the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration determines that more time is needed to complete the closing of the office), performing duties under the direction of the Secretary of the Senate.

New mythologies for Modern Americans through Movie Theaters Term Paper

New mythologies for Modern Americans through Movie Theaters - Term Paper Example It is also not exact by facts that can be a total lie, partial truth or just an image and not true in its form. It drives the power of beliefs of individual and even groups of people. It is believed but not accurate like the history. Words play the part as approximation tool for the truthfulness behind the myth (Dowden, 1992, p. 2). Myth or mythology is the history or legend of certain phenomena that are not explainable by science and is attributed to the divine intervention. It comes from the Greek words mythos, logos and fable which all pertain to discourse or description. Being familiar with Mythology, people in the modern times would have the ability to learn from the lessons of the past and understand the hidden messages within (Irving, 1822, p. 5). Mythology is a traditional way of addressing and explaining occurrences based upon the tales of gods and goddesses and heroic adventures. Mythologem is the Greek term for the unchangeable famous tales. Mythology is different from myt hologem as it is solid but dynamic and continuously changes without losing its identity (Jung and Kerenyi, 1941, p. 3). Mythology has been linked with literature as it was once presented in verse. Prose was later on adapted to suit the oral culture. Logos is a noun that means speak as its counterpart verb is legein (Dowden, 1992, p. 3). Mythology can be linked to idolatry because of images projected as part of worship. Idolatry comes from two Greek words: eidolon and latreia which both pertain to worship of image or beliefs in beings with superior powers (Hort, 1825, p. 1). Movie theater is popular as proven by history but it experienced its glory and downfall. Films being shown must have a certain degree of mystery that can captivate the attention of people and turn them into audience. In making progress in movies, mistakes are inevitable for it will bring brighter future for the movie theater industry. When the movie created is just for earning purpose, it could not captivate the audience well and target audience would not appreciate. While the point of a great film is now one-of-a-kind achievement, the commercial cinema has settled for a policy-filled, derivative film-making, a combination and repetition of past techniques to assume success like in the past. Cinema was once of the great art produced in the 20th century but the cinephilia or the love and attraction being inflicted to the audience diminish at present. Each art gives progress and development to its fanatics, but the love that cinema inspired was special. It started from the premise that cinema was a unique art: modern, accessible, poetic and mysterious and erotic and moral at the same time. Cinema had followers like religion. Cinema can even be compared to a crusade. For cinephiles, the movies are their life. Cinema was considered as both the book of art and the book of life. About the year 1895, two divisions of films were created: cinema as the reflection of real unstaged life and cinema as invention or creation of the human mind. But this is not a true opposition. The whole point is that, for those first audiences, the very transcription of the most banal reality -- the Lumiere brothers filming "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station" -- was a fantastic experience. Cinema began in wonder, the wonder that reality can be transcribed with such immediacy. All of cinema is an attempt to perpetuate and to reinvent that sense of wonder (Sontag, 1996). Cinema is like a modern church stand and it is

Summary of Thirteen Days by Robert Kennedy Essay

Summary of Thirteen Days by Robert Kennedy - Essay Example The Soviet Union was putting her nuclear missiles on the grounds of Cuba ready to strike the United States. Given the magnitude of the threat, President John F. Kennedy had no choice but to make a decisive decision on the issue to avoid the eminent danger that United States was in. Making a decision on such a grave matter was not easy. The president had to understand the consequences that that awaited any of his actions and the impact they would have not only on the United States, but also on the entire world. He therefore had to rely on the Committee of National Security Council for advice. The members of this committee were to argue, discuss, and even quarrel to eventually advice his on the best course of action to take concerning the crisis. Many a member of the committee rooted for the deployment of military to destroy the Soviet Union missiles in Cuba. Robert Kennedy, then the attorney general, was of the idea that the navy should be deployed around the Cuban island to block any offensive that the Soviet Union might employ against America. ... They perused through past similar crisis and their resolutions and the mistakes committed and how they could avoid repeating such mistakes. They did their best to understand the situation before any decision could be made by President Kennedy. They knew any decision taken would have a huge effect on humanity. Robert Kennedy vividly explains how decisions were arrived at during these momentous times and how those taken by the President himself and his advisors. It gives detailed information on the efforts of both Robert Kennedy and John Kennedy towards ensuring that any decision taken centered on diplomacy and law. This approach was done at the United Nations. ‘13 days’ also highlights how Robert Kennedy was powerful in the John F. Kennedy government and how he used his power to exert influence on other advisers of President Kennedy. In the book, there are correspondences between President Kennedy and the Soviet Union leader Nikita Krushnev and the speeches that President Kennedy gave concerning the Cuba nuclear crisis as well as photos of nuclear weapons that the Soviet Union had already brought to Cuba. The book further reveal that even the Soviet Union wanted a peaceful end to the Cuban crisis since they realized they too had families that would suffer because of employment of nuclear weapons between the two super powers. Any passionate lover of John F. Kennedy’s president would find this book captivating and inspiring to some extend as it gives the reader a rare opportunity to read and understand the mind of President Kennedy. The book outlines the historical lessons learnt from the crisis and how they can be avoided in the future, so as under no circumstances should there be any disregard for

Networking Fundamentals Essay Example for Free

Networking Fundamentals Essay 1. Unit 1 review questions: a. The functions provided by a network are usually referred to as Network Services. b. A(n) Client Server may also be known as simply an access server. c. True or False: A client/server network is the simplest network model. d. True or False: A common way to share resources on a client/server network is by modifying the file-sharing controls via the computer’s operating system. e. True or False: The oldest and still most frequently used network communications services are print services. 3. Still learning about all these technical terms, so I goggled it come up with the similarities and differences between a peer-to-peer network and a client-server network are peer-to-peer network is inexpensive to set up and are installed where the employee most interacts regularly. Client-Server networks are as big or as little as you need, in some cases it has supported millions of users and ultimately can be really expensive to support and install. It says the concept behind the peer-to-peer networking is to be able to share all your files and use the same printers as cheap as possible. Seems though having a Peer-to-peer network you are exposing yourself, it has no central security or any way to change your settings, that it can’t control what is shared on the network. 4. Describe two hypothetical situations, one in which a peer-to-peer network would be most appropriate and one in which a client-server network would be most appropriate, and explain why the particular network type would be most appropriate for that case. In one of my previous jobs I worked for an eye doctor, the best thing for her when setting up her office is to build a peer-to-peer network. We had a total of 5 people that worked in the office, by doing the peer-to-peer network it is inexpensive and it will get the job done. We don’t need a lot being a small company and we shared the network drive for the patient files and printed to the same printer. For the Client-Server Network, it would be for a company that I work for right now and that is Amazon.com, this building has about 3,000 employees that need to log into a computer to either process a customer order, get the order for the shelves or ship it out. So they will most definitely need a larger server to maintain the largely group of people on one network.

Langauge Essay -- essays research papers

Language   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My language has mainly been influenced socially and politically. The society taught me the proper way to speak, when to speak, and to whom to speak. The politics taught me what views I should hold when I speak. Yet the influences are different through out the world as I have learned when I moved to United States, at the age of nine, from The Former Soviet Union. It has been a very unique experience to learn the social and political boundary differences of the two different nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My first language experience was through my family and pre-school, as they both taught me the proper ways to say letters. Later on they putt a heavy infuses on me to learn how to make proper sounds when saying words. I recall that one of the hardest sounds I had to learn was to roll my r‘s. I learned other unique sounds as well through out my younger years. I had to learn the proper way to speak in order to sound educated. In The Former Soviet Union a person would be seen inferior if he or she could not speak properly. After pre-school I moved on to the first grade and was expected to learn political poems and other text. The poems that I learned had their own influence on my speech and its content. The nation was heavily influenced by political patriotism and there for so was the language. I remember as a kid my friends and I would always say that we swear on Lenin, an x - national hero, as people in United States say they cross their heart. I would always see adults seating down and arguing about politics and would always think why are the arguing so hard about it if they cant do anything about it. Now I understand that they argued because it was patriotic and proper to care about the government so much. When I watched the television as a kid I would always see cartoons that would teach me the proper ways to communicate with others. But at many times when I would turn the television on I would see the president speaking on every channel. I never really understood his patriotic speeches to the nation. I was expected to be very respectful to all elders by waiting to speak to them after they were done speaking, and to never interrupt two adults while they are talking to each other. And if I was very to address an adult the only proper way to do so was to make eye contact and speak ... ...n in the same way by analyzing the content of their speech and the grammar. Of course those are very stereotypical ways to judge people, but it is the way that the class system works in U.S. Unlike in Soviet Union were people where there were two classes of either educated or they were not, in U.S. there are many levels of the class system. I have learned that it is helpful to be able to communicate with all types of people, there is no single best way to communicate. But when communicating through various types of reports it is very important to be able to use proper grammar, formatting, and sentence structures. That is the only one standard that everyone needs to know. Every person’s ideas and feeling can be expressed on paper, yet the only way to really do that is to know the proper techniques. Oral Communication is world wide in different molds, but communication by words on paper is a world standard. Therefore, the greatest language lesson that I have learned so far is the impotents of knowing how to properly communicate my feelings and ideas on paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Health safety and security for health and social care Essay

Potential Hazards and the Harm that may arise from each in a Health and Social Care Setting In this unit 3 assignment, I will be explaining the potential hazards and the harm that may arise from each (physical environment, equipment, infections, working conditions, working practices and security conditions) in a health and social care environment. These settings can include day centers, hospitals, health centers, schools, residential and nursing homes, private homes, and nurseries. First I will define each of them and then explain 6 hazards that may harm an individual. A hazard is something that is dangerous which can cause harm to you or any other individual and cause pain, especially if nothing is done to reduce the risk. Physical Environment Physical environment incorporates anything around ranging from different objects, people, pets, the temperature, buildings and also the air. This can have a great impact on the health of individuals and staff. If a room is not well ventilated with any windows so that there is fresh air flowing around, then the bacteria from different people with influenzas and cold can spread around the room and those germs when they sneeze or a cough can make it contagious for other people to catch very easily. Temperature is how hot or an object, subject or person is measured in degrees. Temperature can cause various complications to persons with disabilities, babies and older people because they find it difficult to sustain their body temperature, as it is very important to keep yourself wrapped up very warm to reduce the cold breeze from off of their body. It can cause bronchitis and other respiratory problems. Fumes and smoke that may be contaminated the air in the room because of fires (house fires, factory or building) or leakage (gas, petrol) can cause persons to inhale it and eventually die. Persons with very light skin who go to the beach or just going on picnics with residents or the residents themselves from within a care home may be exposing themselves to too much sun and not protecting their skin with sunblock or even a hat can which can cause skin cancer. Water that has been spilled and left on the ground can be a hazard to anyone in a care home as they may not see the water on the floor to avoid it and can slip and end up injuring themselves by damaging their spine or even fracturing their limbs. Blocked fire exists can be a hazard as it should be clear at all times in case of an emergency so that you are able to leave the building quickly. If the exits are blocked and persons try to run to that exist then they can run into the thing or even push down someone causing that indivi dual to be trampled on and fracture their ribs or have a head injury. Equipment You may find different equipment in a care home which can include overloaded sockets, wheelchairs, chairs, hot surface of a cup, broken piece of furniture, walking stick. These are equipment which is used daily in care homes. In a care, there may be certain things which you may need to plug in but overloading the sockets is not an option as the amount of energy that would be generating from the electricity can cause it to spark and go up in flames. Persons near these plugs may end up being burnt on any part of their body which may cause them to lose some of their skin or even death. Tripping over the cords if it is not properly protected by being covered over causing to cut their lips or fractures to some parts of their body or by even hitting their head onto something causing them to become unconscious and have brain damage. If persons use their wet hands to either plug in or out any plugs it can be very dangerous as they can be electrocuted these hazards may cause people to be trap ped in the building because the elderly are not able to move as quickly as they would like to. An elderly can be at risk of falling out of the wheelchair when being pushed if they are not safely secured to the chair. This may cause individuals to bruise or fracture themselves as elderly people are very fragile. If left in the way the wheelchair can cause someone to hit their feet into it causing bruising and swelling to the toes. Chairs can also be another set of hazards that can harm someone when left in the way as it can also injure their feet if they hit into it. This can cause bleeding, swelling, bruising and obviously pain to the individual’s feet. Broken equipment such as a chair that needs to be thrown out because it is weak if the chair is left in everyone’s way and one of the elderly sits in it the chair will give way causing the individual to land on the floor and have back injury or even shift their pelvis out of alignment. Sometimes these scales can be very serious and life-threatening as they will need to seek medical attention. When giving the elder ly anything that may be hot you have to be careful as it may burn their hands and they may end up dropping the tea or cup over their legs or hands causing it to scald them. This can cause blisters and charred, black or red skin. Sometimes in a care, an elderly person may be sitting down but does not put the walking stick out of anyone’s way. A carer or another elderly person may be passing and does not see the stick will end up tripping over the walking stick and hurt the elderly person’s feet causing pain and swelling to that individual and to the person that fell they may have bruising.

New York Times vs. Sullivan

Issue: Does Freedom of Speech protect a newspaper when it makes false defamatory statements about the conduct of a public official if the statements were not made with knowing or reckless disregard for the actual facts? The holding does not match the issue. If the fourteenth amendment is going to be incorporated in the holding, then it has to be in the issue. Also, the issue needs to be posted in a constitutional way.   For example: By not requiring Sullivan to prove that the advertisement personally harmed him and dismissing the same as untruthful due to factual errors, did Alabama’s libel law unconstitutionally infringe on the First Amendments freedom of speech and freedom of press protections? Statement of the Facts: The New York Times published a full page ad soliciting funds to defend Martin Luther King, Jr. In the ad were accusations of brutal force employed by the Montgomery police force against King’s followers. L.B. Sullivan, the police commissioner at the time, claimed the ad maligned his character. He sued for, and won, damages from the lower court. The Holding/Decision of the Court: The Court held that the First and Fourteenth amendments protected a publisher from libel only if the false and derogatory statements were not made with knowing or reckless disregard for the truth. Reasons/Rationale: The Court made its decision based on three closely-related facts: †¢ First, the commercial nature of the advertisement; †¢ Second, the existence of actual malice; and, †¢ Finally, the tendency for the alleged libel to be connected to the plaintiff. The New York Times was paid to publish the ad. However the fact that it was a paid advertisement does not make it a ‘commercial ad' in that it waives constitutional guarantees of Freedom of Speech. To consider it as such would discourage newspapers from accepting â€Å"editorial advertisements† which would have a dangerous tendency to shut out this form of information promulgation. Furthermore, it would curtail freedom of speech and shackle those who do not own publications.   This would be in violation of the First Amendment, which aims to secure â€Å"the widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources†. There was no actual malice in this case although negligence can be ascribed to the NY Times for not exercising due diligence in ensuring the facts published. The paper had merely published a paid advertisement. The publisher cannot be accused of knowingly publishing falsehoods. Being a public official, Commissioner Sullivan had to accept the reality that his work would be under constant scrutiny. A higher level of proof is necessary to prove that the defendant printed material with intent to malign Sullivan’s character, especially since the alleged criticism was about his official functions as the police commissioner. Finally, the alleged libelous ad did not bear any mention of his name. While the ad criticized the activities and â€Å"brutality of the police†, there was never any direct mention of Sullivan or the office of the police commissioner. It could not then be said that the ad was a directed, defamatory and malicious attack upon him. In fact, the acts described in the ad – the padlocking of the dining hall, among others – were not even directly ascribed to the police, much less the police commissioner. On a side note, there is even suggestion that the commissioner manifested a guilty conscience in respect of the acts protested in the ad. The court therefore ruled in favor of freedom of speech over the right of a public official to defend himself from attack. Such cases have often been cited as jurisprudence to justify the level of criticism that can be inflicted on a government official. For acts related to his official functions, there is virtually no limit to the attacks that can be levied so long as they are not done with reckless disregard for the facts. Justice Black concurs on the basis that the 1st and 14th amendments do not merely delimit a state's power to award damages to officials for criticism of their official conduct but completely prohibits a state from exercising this power.   He is of the opinion that the defendants had an absolute constitutional right to publish their criticisms regardless of whom they were aimed at. It is regrettable that the court stopped short of a holding unequivocally protecting our free press. Justice Goldberg concurs on the privilege to criticize official conduct, despite the harm which may flow from excesses and abuses and consistent with the prized American right â€Å"to speak one's mind†.

Construction Industry Book Example

Construction Industry Book Example Construction Industry Book – Article Example Construction Industry Book Construction Industry Book Purpose Gary Santorella intended to examine thoroughly the usage of Lean programs in the construction sector (Santorella, 2010). This examination entailed tackling employee challenges in terms of performance and wastes by using behavioral psychology ideologies at both deliberate and tactical levels. Santorella also wanted to draw a link between their ways construction experts serve as leaders and their ways their mindsets and behavior influence performance and waste on a daily basis (Santorella, 2010). The book intends to enlarge the idea of morals past the simple litmus assessment of good and bad. The author believes this purpose should enable group leaders to undertake formal and subtle mindsets and behaviors toward the application of the Lean enhancements.Opinion I think the book is a decent introduction to the Lean philosophy in an industrial setting. The book can assist a construction company to function as a group rather tha n competing members. This way, the organization can raise its output significantly simply by concentrating on processing data and using resources more proficiently. I will look forward to developing and strengthening a construction project within several weeks. I think this book would enable me to enforce the Lean culture in my group. It is important for construction project participants to be hands-on and straightforward. I can use the cases and narration is present in the book to emphasize chief points and concepts about being practical and straightforward to my project group. As a result, I should avoid poorly designed organizational constructs, ambiguous roles and duties, and unsettled interpersonal disputes.ReferencesSantorella, G. (2010). Lean Culture for the Construction Industry: Building Responsible and Committed Project Teams. Los Angeles, CA: Productivity Press.

Body Essay Preparation

Mind/Body Essay Preparation Mind/Body Essay Preparation Some students may believe that writing an essay is relatively simple and doesn’t require much effort. This assumption couldn’t be further from the truth. Writing requires a lot of time and energy. Like most activities that require effort (exercise, working, cooking), writing an essay requires some preparation for both mind and body. Here are some tips to mentally and physically prepare yourself to write: Get organized Gather research materials and organize them before buckling down to write. When it comes to gathering sources from different publications, write each of them on a piece of paper and summarize the key points you wish to include in your essay. This helps save time and prevent clutter on your workspace. Minimize distractions If you are working in a public library and prefer to listen to music to concentrate, use a pair of earphones and lower the volume of your device to prevent distracting others. If you enjoy working in silence, use a pair of noise-cancelling headphones to block out distractions. Clear your mind of lingering issues or concerns; plan to deal with them after you finish. Eat in advance Avoid eating unhealthy snacks before writing and switch to brain-boosting foods like eggs, nuts, or yogurt to aid your concentration and focus. Remember to drink enough water. Inspiration/Dedication What motivates you to write this essay? Is it to earn a good grade? If so, focus on what you want to achieve and remember to set deadlines for yourself. Motivate yourself to begin, but forge on with discipline. If you’re not well-rested or fed, writing an essay can be more time-consuming than it needs to be. Take time for yourself and the writing will flow more easily. understands the importance of writing essays and other academic papers on a deadline. Whether you are in a high school, undergraduate, masters, or doctoral program, we offer academic writing services to help you achieve your goals. Our team of accredited writers can provide quality and original writing and use anti-plagiarism tools and resources.

Roman Fever by Edith Wharton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Roman Fever by Edith Wharton - Essay Example The main characters of the short story are two elderly women Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley. Thorough the theme of marriage, the author shows that most women rely upon successful match in order to achieve high social position. The short story suggests something of the historical loss for women of transferring the sense of self to relationships with men. For instance, Mrs. Slade reflected "he had always regarded herself (with a certain conjugal pride) as his equal in social gifts, as contributing her full share to the making of the exceptional couple they were" (Wharton). Wharton depicts that social status plays an important role in life of both women, because high social position determine their happiness and guarantee public recognition. The character of Mrs. Ansley does not differ greatly from her friend. "Mrs. Ansley was much less articulate than her friend, and her mental portrait of Mrs. Slade was slighter" (Wharton). Both women portrayed as typical wives whose domestic role is pred etermined. The theme of widowhood helps Wharton to unmask contradiction arisen in the society and criticize dependence of women upon their husbands. Wharton vividly portrays that women mean nothing as social members without their husbands. "Yes; being the Slade's widow was a dullish business after that. In living up to such a husband all her faculties had been engaged; now she had only her daughter to live up to" (Wharton). In reality, both women find themselves defeated by the social norms they have followed all their life. Wharton unveils that their society had been solid and secure up to the moment their husbands were alive. To some extent, this short story shows a parody of the happy ending when women are faced with realities of live after death of their husbands. It seems that after husbands' deaths women are excluded from social life. Wharton criticizes social statuses and positions which play a crucial role for women and unveils that women can commit any crime and play any trick upon their friends in order to secure their high position and public recognition. Wharton depicts that friendship does not exist between Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley, because their lives have been nothing more than a struggle for happiness and high social position. For instance, Mrs. Slade has hated her friend all her life because Mrs. Ansley is lovely and cleverer than she is. Many years ago Mrs. Slade betrayed her in order to secure her marriage which meant high social position. Mrs Slade recollects: "And I remember laughing to myself all that evening at the idea that you were waiting around there in the dark, dodging out of sight, listening for every sound, trying to get in" (Wharton). Wharton criticizes that only marriage can preserves the vital social values of stability, continuity and propriety. Only at the cost of brutally suppressi ng equally powerful individual

Critically examine the added value the HR dept has made to improved Essay

Critically examine the added value the HR dept has made to improved company performance - Essay Example Having segregated itself from the Sears group in, 1998, the Selfridges group started out with an investment of 100 million pounds. This was diverted towards the opening of its second store in Trafford Park. This mall houses 280 stores and enjoys a wide clientele from various parts of Europe and the rest of the world. (Hutchison et al, 2003) The human resource role and organisational turnaround have been discussed in this paper from the point of view of the premise of competitive advantage as follows: The world of commerce in this era is one where there is an amalgamation of a global market place as well as the theories of competitive advantage with the strong backing of innovation. (Green, 2002) Any marketer or producer in this modern market place needs to adhere to these practices and theories in order to gain any measure of success, whether small or big. In this regard, the role of the HR element in Selfridges plays on its overall brand equity and effective goal achievement program. (Park, 1994) Before delving any deeper into the paper, let us fist consider the elements of the modern world of commerce. The world has shrunk to accommodate the limitations of the geographical demarcations and expanded to transgress the same by reaching out to people from all corners of the world. (Tirole, 1990) This has triggered a phenomenon called the global village concept, which is basically depend on the information technology, communication and a unified mode of business and commerce. Thriving in this global scheme of things indicates an affiliation with keeping abreast of what is going on in every corner of the world and adapting oneself to make profits accordingly. (Hutchison et al, 2003) This is owing to the fact that a manufacturer can now see his name in the most unexpected of places and in order to get there, he needs to be able to keep with the latest and improvise on the same to create

Write an essay on Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in which you

Write an on Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House in which you either support or oppose Nora Helmer's decision at the conclusion of the play to leave her family - Essay Example She is heroic and not selfish as most critics conclude. Critics of Nora Helmer’s decision to leave her family at the end of the play point out that she was too impulsive. An example in the play is Mrs. Linde who decides that she ought to take care of the man she loves for her to be contented with herself (Ibsen & Henrietta 6). Her character is a complete opposite of Nora’s character in terms of attitudes and emotions. The character of Mrs. Linde clearly shows that Nora’s decision to leave her family was not the only decision available to women in her situation. Other critics who have read the book like the Swedish playwright August Strindberg attack Nora’s decision to leave her family as unacceptable (Billington 1). This is because the marriage covenant was considered holy. He condemns Nora’s behavior and deems her as irresponsible and selfish since she decides to leave her children because they do not have to pay for the mistakes of their father. The times depicted in the play do not support Noraâ€⠄¢s behavior since no true woman would ever make such a choice at that time in history. Nora Helmer is not only a victim of male domination, but also a master of the domestic world. She is dedicated enough to take care of her sick husband, courageous enough to forge her father’s signature and confident enough to pay back all her debts no matter how tough the situation gets (Unwin & Ibsen 10). Nora Helmer cannot be blamed for her desire of the ‘wonderful thing’; the ideal union where both husband and wife regard each other as rational individuals aware of the society they live in and they can also fulfill their individual duties. Her ideation of what marriage ought to be bringings her to the awareness of the flaws in her own marriage. This awareness is what finally drives her to leave her husband as her husband’s firm decision not to compromise his integrity for the sake of love ignites her decision and she leaves, slamming the door. This is

A Probation And Parole Criminology Essay

A Probation And Parole Criminology Essay The idea of the corrections system has been around for a while. Within this system there lies several different types of programs that do not require an offender to be placed in a prison or jail. These programs to allow the offender to remain out in the community, while being closely monitored. The earliest and most common programs are probation and parole. These two programs allow most offenders to be in their normal everyday setting, unless otherwise stated by the judge or probation or parole officer. Usually this is the sentence given to offenders who have a non-violent offense and are less likely to run away. These are the offenders who are seen to be harmful to society. Probation and parole are two of the easiest ways to help with problems within the jail such as overcrowding. Background/History Probation and parole are two of the oldest programs within the corrections system that takes care of non-violent offenders. Before the development of these programs, the offenders would be placed into the same facilities as all the other offenders. This wasnt fair to the offenders, nor was it helpful to the staff there. The actual goal of probation and parole was not to place these people into prisons or jails, but to rehabilitate them while in the care of their community. Probation John Augustus was the father of probation, although there were similar practices around 437 BC. Augustus was your average, everyday man. However, his goal with probation was behavioral reform. He believed that if the system allowed the offender to stay within the community, they would get sort of a second chance. Then, by providing support and guidance from probation officers, the officers may in fact be able to reach the goal of assisting the offender in becoming a law-abiding individual. The word probation actually is a form of the Latin word probatio which mean to test or prove. The individuals who receive probation are called probationers. They are people who have been convicted of a crime and are given this sentence instead of going to jail. Probation officers are the people who supervise them. They are usually court-appointed and must make sure that their probationer follows the rules handed down to them by the court. Parole Parole was first used in Australia and Ireland. It was seen as an award for inmates who were on their best behavior. Parole is a privilege given to an individual when are eligible to parole. This happens after the prisoner receives a minimum or maximum sentence; then they become eligible with the decision of the parole board, which decides whether or not to put them on parole after a consideration hearing. Just like probation, this is a program that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders and getting them back into the community and on the right track. Parole was first introduced in the United States by Brockway Zebulon in 1876 as a way to reduce jail overcrowding. Zebulon also saw this as way to rehabilitate offenders by encouraging them to exhibit good behavior while incarcerated. This allows offenders to be let back into their community after serving a portion of their jail time and live, but under supervision from a Parole Officer. The parole period is based on a decision made by the board of parole. If the offender violates their parole while out, they are then placed back into the prison system. Both Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton played important roles in the development of the parole program. Literature Review Probation Evidence of probation goes all the way back to the Middle Ages (Ditton and Ford 1994). During that time, the court systems practiced suspended sentences. The first courts in America allowed these suspended sentences, but not every court used this (Young 1976). All of this occurred before John Augustus idea of probation came about (Ditton and Ford 1994). John Augustus was a local businessman who asked judges to allow him to pay the fines for offenders who had been convicted of minor or non-violent crimes and then allow him to supervise them (Ditton and Ford 1994). After bailing these individuals out, he helped them find jobs and monitored their changes (Young 1976). When it was time for the offender to return to court, Augustus went along and provided the judge with a report on how the offender was progressing. (Ditton and Ford 1994; Young 1976) In 1978, thanks to the success of John Augustus, the first probation law was passed in Massachusetts (Ditton and Ford 1994). However, it wasnt until after Chicago established the first juvenile court that probation became a popular and useful sentencing method (Young 1976). In 1925, the National Probation Act was passed, which ultimately created a probation system for the federal government (Ditton and Ford 1994; Young 1976). By 1956, every state had some form of probation as a sentencing method (Ditton and Ford 1994; Young 1976). There are two main goals established by the probation program. The first is to protect society from additional crime by the offender (Ditton and Ford 1994). The achievement of this goal usually comes through the report of a presentence investigation that is done to determine whether or not the offender is a risk to society (Ditton and Ford 1994). If the information that comes from this report confirm that the offender is in fact not a risk to society then they are sentenced to probation. If the information confirms that the offender is a dangerous offender and may be harmful to their community, then they are usually sentenced to more harsh repercussions (Ditton and Ford 1994). The second goal is to help the offenders (Ditton and Ford 1994). This is done through supervision and management (Ditton and Ford 1994). Probation officers are there to basically watch over the probationers and make sure that they stay away from things that could cause them to reoffend. They also monitor their actions and help keep them from violation rules that have been set as a result of their probation. As far as managing goes, the probation officer is there to lead the offender in the way that they need to go in order not to offend again (Ditton and Ford 1994; Young 1976). They are there to help and ultimately provide the offender with the resources that they need. This actually includes helping them to find employment which is a requirement when on probation. If a probationer violate their probation orders they will have their probation revoked. Their violations fall under one of two types. The first is technical, which is usually defined by minor violations (Ditton and Ford 1994). The second is a re-arrest or new offense (Ditton and Ford 1994). This is serious violation of probation rules. Another offense committed by the offender shows that the individual is not likely to adhere to the probation rules and not prepared to cooperate. These individuals tend to have their probation revoked and end up back in the jail or prison facilities (Ditton and Ford 1994). Over the years, the number of probationers has fluctuated. From 1995 to 2004, the number of individuals on probation rose from 3,077,861 to 4,151,125. This is about a 0.2% change in 2004, the smallest annual growth rate since 1979. In twenty-one states, the adult probation population decreased with Washington State being the only one who saw a double digit decrease. Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, and New Jersey were among the four states who saw an increase of more than 10% in probation population. Since 1990, probationers have accounted for about half the growth of the entire prison population. (Glaze and Palla 2005; Burrell 2005) As with anything, there are problems that occur with probation (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). When placed on probation, offenders are expected to follow the guidelines provided to them through the courts (Ditton and Ford 1994). However, we find that they dont always follow the rules and sometimes never get caught or charged. In 2004, in a certain area of Florida, 199,215 individuals were supposed to be on probation in particular month. About one of five offenders had disappeared; out of those left, close to one of four had an active violation report. Nothing was done because a judge stated that it would be hard to do something with each person that had violated their parole. Another problem with probation is that the officers experience heavy caseloads (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). They often have to pull overtime in order to keep up. Its hard for the officers to manage all their cases and be sure to keep up with supervising the offenders (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). This also tends to be an issue when it comes to parole officers. Parole The parole system goes back to the 1800s when Sir Walter Crofton introduced tickets of leave (Schuessler 1954). He used these to give to prisoners who experienced good behavior in exchange for an early release from prison. Crofton also introduced the idea of intermediate prisons (Schuessler 1954). Inmates could live and work in a supervised manner while carrying out their prison sentence (Schuessler 1954). As for the United States, Brockway Zebulon introduced the idea of the first parole system (Schuessler 1954). Zebulon used the help of volunteer community members to monitor the behavior of the inmates who were released. He wasnt focused on the help of police officers, as he believed they had enough on their plate. As time went on, he used the help of volunteer members who were concerned with the well-being of the individual. By the 1900s this idea had spread and become popular in every state except Virginia, Mississippi, and Florida. (Schuessler 1954; Dressler 1951; Abadinsky 1982) The parole board was established in 1902 (Schuessler 1954). This took the parolees out from under the control of the officers in prisons and allowed the parole board to define the rules and regulations for them (Abadinsky 1982). The board was made of three members; the deputy warden would sit in as the chair person (Abadinsky 1982). Prisoners would come before the board as their behavior was analyzed and the board would determine whether the convict deserved a parole (Schuessler 1954). The parole board established to manage paroles based on the convicts behavior (Virginia General Assembly 1992). However they also had to observe the convicts criminal history, prior supervision opportunities in the community, behavior in the prison during their jail time, and the convicts plans after being released (Abadinsky 1982). During this time, parole officers were introduced into the system. Their job was to monitor parolees once they are released from prison (Virginia General Assembly 1992). In 1910, inmates who were in any US prison received an automatic and equal chance to parole. No parole would be sentenced until the attorney general approves it. For prisoners who were sentenced to a life sentence would be able to go up for parole after 15 years. As a result of all of this, each prison had to hire a parole officer who would supervise the convict and help the parolees get a job. (Schuessler 1954; Dressler 1951; Abadinsky 1982) Within the time of being paroled, just like with probation, the parolee must abide by a set of rules (Schuessler 1954). The must meet with their parole officer at meetings established by the office. The must adhere to all other rules and regulations of being on parole. In the case of any new arrests, the parolee must report this to their parole officer (Schuessler 1954). If the parolee moves, they must make the parole officer aware. This also goes for any change in employment. During this time the officer cannot have any control substances in their possession nor be in the possession of a firearm (Schuessler 1954). Its also recommended that the parolee refrain from associating with individuals that may cause them to reoffend or could possibly get them in trouble in any way (Schuessler 1954). The number of individuals on parole went from 679,421 in 1995 to 765,355 in 2004. Therefore, the Nations parole population grew about 2.7%. This is a huge difference compared to the small growth of probation. A total of about ten states had double-digit increases in their parole population and as few as nine states saw decreases in their parole population. (Glaze and Palla 2005; Burrell 2005) There are numerous problems with the parole system (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008; DeMichele and Payne 2007). One being the amount of caseload being given to parole officers (Schuessler 1954). The system seems to have a shortage of parole officers leading the ones that there are to have more cases, making it hard for them to keep control of what they have (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008; DeMichele and Payne 2007). Another problem is the fact that if the individual is a reoffender, the chances of them reoffending is greater than those of a first-time offender (Schuessler 1954). This is true because the US has seen a high rate in recidivism over time. There is not much that can be done due to the lack of personnel. Probation and Parole Officers Basically, probation and parole officers serve the same duties. They are supposed to supervise and manage the offenders. This allows them to be case workers as well as law enforcers because they have to make sure the offenders dont break any laws. Some will argue that supervision is the most important aspect of the job. (DeMichele and Payne 2007) Probation and parole officer have several duties they must attend to. They conduct home visits, perform curfew checks and verify with the employer of the offender is actually employed. They also help the offender get into treatment facilities if they need it. Thats just a few of the duties that these officers accomplish. (Dressler 1951; Schuessler 1954) In order to became a probation or parole officer you must go through specialized training at a Peace Officer Standards and Training facility. Once this training is completed, they become POST certified peace officers. These officers must take part in quarterly training classes in a variety of areas concerning their job. Difference between probation and parole Most people think that probation and parole are the same thing. The have the same goal as to rehabilitate offenders, but they play two different roles. Probation is basically an extension to the offenders sentence, while parole is a reward given to prisoners for good behavior (Dressler 1951). Parole lessens the amount of time the individuals serves in prison (Dressler 1951). Probation is a sentence handed directly to the offender from the judge, but a parole board is in charge of the decision to grant an offender with parole (Dressler 1951). When it comes to parole, the judge has no say, the decision is left up to the parole board in the prison facility (Dressler 1951; Abadinsky 1982). Parolees are eligible for parole after they have served the minimum prison sentence that has been handed down to them (Abadinsky 1982). The board at this point determines whether or not the individual receives parole (Dressler 1951). As far as probation goes, this is based on the judges decision after determining the seriousness of the crime and whether or not the individual is likely to reoffend within the probationary period (Dressler 1951). Society on Probation and Parole Those within the community have mixed reactions about these programs. Most feel as if it is a good thing to try and rehabilitate these offenders. However, they are unsure how they feel about this individuals having contact within the community. They feel as if these individuals have already offended, that there is not much to keep them from offending again. As far as offenders are concerned, those who serve jail time are able sort of network within the prison walls. They develop these relationships with other prisoners that lead them back where they began. These relationships allow them to establish other relationships out in the community with other criminals or deviant individuals. This is not the case all the time, but for a majority of the time, this is the case. Some members of society realize this and begin to worry what could come of these relationships and networks that have been made. When an offender is released back into society, they have to learn how to control what happens as a result of being labeled. As an offender enters the prison system, they become labeled as an offender. This label then makes it hard for them to find employment, as well as make changes that lead and keep them on the right path. There are individuals who are willing to help these offenders, but most fear their past. This is when the help of the parole or probation officer comes into play. Its their job to help these individual get jobs or get into rehab or even continue with their education. More than likely, if an offender reoffends, its because they are unable to establish a place in society that keeps them busy. Idle hands are the devils workshop which means anyone who has free time to waste is more likely to offend than someone who is constantly doing something. Conclusion The jobs of being a probation or parole officer is not easy. On a day to day basis they have to deal with keeping track and supervising individual, as well as possibly receiving more individuals. Their job is already hard enough with making sure their probationers and parolees are following the rules, but when you have multiple things tend to get tricky. These officers are underappreciated. They are also often taken advantage of. These people come into these positions to help people. Thats why they choose this career, to try and make a difference in ones life. These two programs are very useful within our correction system. They provide for means of rehabilitation just as their founders wished they would. They also save tax payers a great deal of money. Prison overcrowding cause the tax payers of America to have to fork over more money to support the funding of prison and jail facilities. With probation and parole programs having been founded, we are able to save money and alleviate the crowding in these correctional facilities. Although they are not all fail proof, they do help.

Hobbes View of Human Nature and his Vision of Government :: Philosophy essays

Hobbes' View of Human Nature and his Vision of Government    In The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes talks about his views of human nature and describes his vision of the ideal government which is best suited to his views.      Hobbes believed that human beings naturally desire the power to live well and that they will never be satisfied with the power they have without acquiring more power.   After this, he believes, there usually succeeds a new desire such as fame and glory, ease and sensual pleasure or admiration from others.   He also believed that all people are created equally.   That everyone is equally capable of killing each other because although one man may be stronger than another, the weaker may be compensated for by his intellect or some other individual aspect. Hobbes believed that the nature of humanity leads people to seek power.   He said that when two or more people want the same thing, they become enemies and attempt to destroy each other.   He called this time when men oppose each other war.   He said that there were three basic causes for war, competition, distrust and glory.   In each of these cases, men use violence to invade their enemies territory either for their per sonal gain, their safety or for glory.   He said that without a common power to unite the people, they would be in a war of every man against every man as long as the will to fight is known.   He believed that this state of war was the natural state of human beings and that harmony among human beings is artificial because it is based on an agreement.   If a group of people had something in common such as a common interest or a common goal, they would not be at war and united they would be more powerful against those who would seek to destroy them.   One thing he noted that was consistent in all men was their interest in self-preservation.    Hobbes view of human nature lead him to develop his vision of an ideal government.   He believed that a common power was required to keep men united.   This power would work to maintain the artificial harmony among the people as well as protect them from foreign enemies.

Legal Drama Movies

Erin Brokovich is a true story of an unemployed single mother of the title name who is desperate to find a job in order to support her three young children. Without any real skills and work experience, borderline inappropriate wardrobe, but armed with charm, wit and beauty, she manages to accomplish what she needs. She finds an unlikely job as a file clerk in a law firm without any qualifications.She talks herself into a job as a compensation for the loss of her personal injury case handled by the owner of the small California firm, Ed Masry. Doing her work, she comes across a file regarding a suspicious real estate case against Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). Fueled by curiosity and passion, she does her own investigation and learned the particulars of the case. She persuades her boss to allow her to research the case further.She fervently pursues the case and discovers the systemic cover-up and that the company is trying to quietly buy the land that was contaminated by hex avalent chromium, a deadly toxic waste that the company is irresponsibly, improperly and illegally dumping in the area thereby poisoning the residents in the town of Hinkley giving them serious health problems. The pursuit of the case against PG&E seemed beyond the capabilities of the small law firm Erin works for, but her infectious passion and established bond with the victims propelled her and her boss to follow through.The case proved very challenging to both Erin and her boss as she finds little time to take care of her children and her boss has to carry the burden of the legal costs. In the end, Erin’s emotional connection with the victims and their families, her dedication and perseverance helped in winning one of the biggest class action lawsuits against a multi-billion dollar company in American history. 12 Angry Men (1957) 12 Angry Men is a story about twelve white, mostly middle-aged and generally of middle-class status men who were chosen jurors to determine the f ate of a Latino teenager who was accused of stabbing his father to death.The movie shows what happens in the deliberation of the jurors behind the closed doors of the jury room. The hot, summer day in New York adds to the tense setting and the irritability of the jury. It shows that jurors are influenced by their personal experiences, situations and biases. They are to decide about the life and death of another human being but the gravity of the situation only becomes apparent when one of the jurors cause a holdout, voting not guilty while everyone is eager for a verdict. The film points to the flaws of the justice system.One of which is having a disinterested appointed court defendant whose meager efforts could very well personally strap the defendant to the electric chair. The importance of reasonable doubt is also highlighted as some tend to take it lightly ignoring the fact that they are making a life and death decision. It also portrays how the unreliability of witnesses and ci rcumstantial evidence can give rise to reasonable doubt. Through the deliberation, the back stories of the jurors were revealed explaining their prejudices and predispositions that lead to disagreements and squabbles among the jurors because of their personal differences.The discussion continued with the built up tension among the jurors but because they carried on, other jurors changed their vote in light of the arguments. The votes kept changing as they made the effort to dissect the case until the tally is reversed to an eleven to one in favor of not guilty from the swift and unscrutinized decision of eleven to one for a guilty verdict during the first vote. The lone juror for the guilty verdict sees that he is the only one with that vote and changed his vote, leading to a unanimous verdict for an acquittal. Civil Action (1998)Based on the real-life water contamination case in Woburn, Massachusetts, Civil Action is about Jan Schlichtmann, a money-driven personal injury lawyer pla yed by John Travolta and the case that changed his life. He pursues an environmental case thinking it would earn him millions of dollars and enhance his and his firm’s reputation. The case was against the two major conglomerates Beatrice Foods and W. R. Grace & Co. as they were suspected of pollution crimes. The drinking wells supplying water to the town were found to be contaminated by industrial solvents caused by the companies’ local factories.There was a high rate of leukemia that led to the deaths of some of the children in the town as a direct result of the pollution and the families, represented by Schlichtmann, filed a class action lawsuit. It was a great challenge in Schlichtmann’s career as the case was against someone with resources enough to impede the case. Later, he finds out that more than the case, a lot more is at stake. He pursues the case against the industrial giants at a great personal and professional expense. A judge rules against him thus not achieving his goal of earning millions and worse, setting his firm back because of the magnitude of the case.He becomes deeply invested in the case and his original goal of monetary gain takes a back seat to pride and stubbornness. He declines some settlement offers deciding that he must win at all cost. After all these, the case is dismissed in favor of one of the defendants and he is forced to accept a settlement from the other defendant that was barely enough for him to break even with his expenses. Because of what transpired, his partners decided to break up the firm and no longer practice with him. On his own, he comes up with an idea to win a settlement for the families while his life remains a mess.He later ends up alone and files for bankruptcy. The Insider (1999) The Insider is a true story of tobacco executive Jeffrey Wigand, played by Russell Crowe, and 60 Minutes producer Lowell Bergman, played by Al Pacino. Their lives converge when Bergman wanted to produce an exp ose against the tobacco industry and Wigand has the inside information that made him perfect for the interview. Wigand is a terminated employee from a tobacco firm, Brown and Williamson, who knew that the CEOs of the seven major tobacco companies perjured themselves to the US Congress about their knowledge of nicotine's addictiveness.He says that Brown and Williamson manipulated nicotine so that it could be more rapidly absorbed in the lungs, thus affecting the brain and central nervous system through impact boosting and that they consciously ignored public health in favor of profit. The interview became a source of grief and personal problems for both Wigand and Bergman. Bergman suggested court deposition to Wigand to protect himself from his former employer’s counterattack on the interview especially with his signed confidentiality agreement.Soon his problems begin with restraining orders and death threats to prevent him from testifying, as well as character assassination t o discredit him and his statements. Bergman on the other hand battles with censorship and with constant fights with the management, he was ordered to go on vacation. After all the turmoil, the Wall Street Journal clears Wigand’s name, reveals his deposition and condemns his employer’s smear campaign against him. The New York Times releases an article about the scandal in 60 Minutes, wherein Wigand’s full interview was finally broadcasted.The movie ends with the title cards showing the $246 billion settlement the tobacco companies made with Mississippi and other states to reimburse Medicaid funds used to treat people with smoking-related illnesses: a result of Wigand’s interview. Runaway Jury (2003) Runaway Jury, based on John Grisham’s novel The Runaway Jury, is a movie about circumventing justice through manipulation of the jury. The story revolves on the case filed by Celeste Wood who sues a gun company who manufactured the gun that killed her hu sband. Representing her is an idealistic lawyer named Wendell Rohr played by Dustin Hoffman.On the defense’s side is jury selection expert Rankin Fitch, played by Gene Hackman, who unlike Rohr, is ruthless and willing to bend the rules to get the results he wants. The conflict intensifies when Nick Easter, played by John Cusack becomes part of the jury who has the same ability to sway and manipulate the other jurors like Fitch. He is helped by his girlfriend Marlee, played by Rachel Weisz in the efforts to outsmart Fitch. With Nick and Marlee’s access to the jurors and their influence on them, they have the power to manipulate the verdict to whichever they wish.They offered to sell this influence for a hefty price to both Rohr and Fitch. As the trial progresses and both the plaintiff and defense become desperate, the two opposing parties agreed to Nick and Marlee’s terms but bothered by his conscience, Rohr backs out. Fitch deposits the millions to Nick and Marl ee’s account only to regret it when the twist of the movie is revealed. Fitch had worked on the case about the death of Marlee’s sister in a school shooting years ago. The town sued the company that manufactured the gun that killed Marlee’s sister but lost and went bankrupt.Nick and Marlee particularly picked the Celeste Wood case to exact their revenge on Fitch. They used the money Fitch deposited as a leverage to force him to retire as the IRS would be interested with the amount of the transfer. As for the money, Nick and Marlee plan to give it to the town that went bankrupt after losing the case with the gun company. Wall Street (1987) Wall Street is a film about the seedy underbelly of the world of stock market as some stockbrokers resort to bending the rules and breaking the law with insider information to get ahead.Bud Fox, played by Charlie Sheen, is a discontented mediocre stockbroker eager to get to the top like Gordon Gekko, played by Michael Douglas. Gekko, whose philosophy in life is â€Å"Greed is Good,† is ruthless, devoid of ethics, and would do anything to earn his millions — a polar opposite to Bud’s father Carl, played by Martin Sheen. Fox, desperate to be mentored by Gekko, tries to impress him and inadvertently reveals insider information about his father’s company Bluestar Airlines. Gekko becomes interested and takes Fox under his wing.Gekko shows Fox the fast and the good life of a successful and rich stockbroker but in exchange for more information about Bluestar. Fox suggests to buy Bluestar and to expand the company’s assets. Even with Carl’s dislike of Gekko, he was convinced by his son to use his influence in the company’s union to push the deal forward. Gekko, however, had a different plan and sells Bluestar’s assets leaving Carl and the other employees of the airline unemployed. Wracked by guilt, Fox finds a way to ruin Gekko’s plans.He manages to a lter Bluestar’s stock value and as Gekko realizes that his stock is plummeting, decides to relinquish his remaining interest in the company. Fox feels triumphant but not for long because Gekko learned his involvement in the scheme and had him arrested by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Towards the end of the film, a heated confrontation ensues between Fox and Gekko, which was Fox’s ploy to record Gekko’s confession of his crimes. Fox hands over the recordings to federal authorities helping them build a case against Gekko, which would help lighten Fox’s sentence.Their fates are left unambiguous but the film delivers a message that crime does not pay and greed is indeed not good. The Firm (1993) The Firm, based on a John Grisham novel, is about a young lawyer’s budding career and the troubles that he encounters when he associates with the wrong people in pursuit of early success. Mitch McDeer, played by Tom Cruise, is one of the top graduates of his class in Harvard Law School despite his poor economic status. He receives many offers from different firms but coming from an unprivileged upbringing, he was enticed by the most lucrative offer from Bendini, Lambert, & Locke law firm in Memphis.Everything is great until the reason for the too-good-to-be-true offer gets revealed. Mitch learns that no one in BL&L ever quits and those who do end up dead shortly after. The firm also takes a very keen interest in its employees’ personal lives. Things become suspicious and he later learns about the firm’s strong ties to the Mafia and that the firm was being used to launder money for organized crime. With the FBI’s interest on the case, they contact Mitch and coerce him into cooperating with their investigation of the firm.The firm suspects of Mitch’s knowledge on their illegal activities and soon, Mitch is blackmailed from both sides and is torn between doing the right thing and his personal and profess ional wellbeing. Doubting the FBI, Mitch gets the help of those he trusts to collect the necessary evidence against the firm at great personal risk, even coming face to face with the mob boss. With their resourcefulness despite the great difficulties of acquiring the important client files and documents, they gathered what they needed and Mitch provides the FBI enough evidence to indict the firm.In the end, everyone gets what they deserve and everything is resolved. Mitch gets a modest job in a small but promising law firm in Boston. Fracture (2007) Fracture is a film about a talented structural engineer Ted Crawford, played by Anthony Hopkins, who manages to escape justice with his skill in finding the fracture or flaw in arguments. He however is hindered by an equally intelligent prosecutor Willy Beachum, played by Ryan Gosling. Ted carefully plans the murder of his unfaithful wife. He executes it but his wife manages to survive but is dependent on life support.Ted confesses to th e crime but retracts it and demands to represent himself in the trial, relying on his skills of spotting the weakness in structures, in this case, the prosecutor’s arguments. Willy, who has a young and successful career and in transition to a more lucrative corporate position, takes Ted’s case thinking it would be an easy victory only to be humiliated by someone untrained for litigation. It was discovered that Ted’s gun acquired at the crime scene was not the gun used to shoot his wife. Baffled and lacking further evidence, the prosecution lost and Ted was acquitted.Engrossed by the case and his career in disarray, Willy visits the only eye witness, Ted’s wife, who Ted later orders to be pulled from life support. With his efforts, Willy uncovers that Ted and the arresting officer’s guns were identical. Ted learns that the police officer was his wife’s lover, switches out the guns and shoots his wife. The officer arrived at his house, surpris ed to see his lover’s predicament, became distracted and Ted was able to switch back the guns. Ted’s gun was admitted into evidence and the officer unknowingly takes the murder weapon.Willy confronts Ted with this new evidence and thinking he is protected by the double jeopardy clause, Ted confesses. Willy reveals that because he took his wife off life support, they can now try him for murder and double jeopardy does not apply as he was previously tried for attempted murder. Ted was arrested and a new trial begins, this time with Ted defended by actual lawyers. Michael Clayton (2007) Michael Clayton, played by George Clooney, is a story about a man who makes a living by cleaning up other people’s messes.He is a former District Attorney who uses his contacts to get the clients of his high-priced law firm out of trouble. Other than his ethically dubious job, he is also troubled by his personal problems of a failed marriage and gambling debt and later finds the add ition of threat to his very life when he encounters the new problem his firm will send him to fix. One of the firm’s partners Arthur Edens, played by Tom Wilkinson, had an outburst in the middle of a deposition involving an agricultural products conglomerate U-North and Michael is sent to remedy the situation.U-North’s general counsel Karen Crowder, played by Tilda Swinton, learns that Edens have evidence about the company’s involvement in manufacturing a cancer-causing product. Learning that Edens is not likely to cooperate, she orders to permanently incapacitate him in a way that will look like a suicide. Michael is saddened by Edens’ death and later becomes suspicious about its connection with U-North. He was able to sneak in to Edens’ apartment and learns about the U-North documents.This puts his life in danger as two men are tailing him informing Crowder of the situation. They later detonate a remote bomb in Michael’s car which luckily exploded when he was out of the vehicle. Later, Michael waits for Crowder to finish a U-North board meeting. He tells her that he is in possession of Edens’ U-North evidence, he knows about her involvement in Edens’ death and that he will keep his silence for a hefty price. When she agrees, he reveals that their conversation is being monitored.He walks away and Crowder and the chairman of U-North get arrested by the police. The Star Chamber (1983) The Star Chamber is a film about the flaws in the judicial system and the boundaries that some people are willing to cross in order to take justice into their own hands to address these flaws. Judge Stephen Hardin, played by Michael Douglas, is a California judge frustrated about being forced to set free suspects that are obviously guilty based on technicalities in paperwork and processing of evidence.He reaches his breaking point when two men accused of raping and killing a ten-year-old boy had to walk free because of the sm all detail in dates of paperwork processing. This is when his friend Judge Ben Caufield, played by Hal Holbrook, introduces him to the secret organization of radical magistrates called the Star Chamber. These judges take the law into their own hands by identifying and assassinating guilty criminals who got away with their crimes. The two men in Hardin’s case become the next target of the Star Chamber.A predicament arises when a detective shows Hardin conclusive evidence that someone else raped and killed the boy. He then appeals the case to the group but it was too late. An assassin has already been ordered and cannot be called off. Also, the group justified that what they do is still for society’s greater good and that those two men are guilty of other crimes, if not for the murder of the boy. Hardin goes on a quest to ironically save the two men he wanted killed. He warns them but they do not believe him, especially because he finds out about the other illegal things that they are involved in.Hardin was attacked by the two men but the Star Chamber’s assassin kills them before they kill him. However, the assassin was also there to kill Hardin since the group ordered his murder as well. In the nick of time, the detective comes to his rescue and he survives. The Star Chamber continues with their work without Hardin, who is merely outside in a car with the detective, recording their meeting. Reference All Media Guide LLC. (n. d). All Movie Guide. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www. starpulse. com/